Paramagnetic. It may represent an excited-state electron configuration of a Mg atom. yes it's paramagnetic. An interesting characteristic of transition metals is their ability to form magnets. Therefore, a simple rule of thumb is used in chemistry to determine whether a particle (atom, ion, or molecule) is paramagnetic or diamagnetic:[3] if all electrons in the particle are paired, then the substance made of this particle is diamagnetic; if it has unpaired electrons, then the substance is paramagnetic. When a magnetic field is applied, the dipoles will tend to align with the applied field, resulting in a net magnetic moment in the direction of the applied field. here ground state is used to say that electron are stable and are The opposite spins () cancel the effect of each other and are not affected by any of the external magnetic fields. [Ne]3s33sp3 b. e Is arsenic diamagnetic or paramagnetic? J Question = Is SCl6polar or nonpolar ? Strictly speaking Li is a mixed system therefore, although admittedly the diamagnetic component is weak and often neglected. The angular momentum quantum number of the two highest-energy valence electrons in an atom of germanium is? Arsenic belongs to the 4th period of the periodic table between germanium and selenium. The element hydrogen is virtually never called 'paramagnetic' because the monatomic gas is stable only at extremely high temperature; H atoms combine to form molecular H2 and in so doing, the magnetic moments are lost (quenched), because of the spins pair. The element to which this atom belongs could be a. How many valence electrons does an arsenic atom have? For a while, early chemists, just conveniently passed over antimony, arsenic, bismuth, zinc and cobalt. indicates that the sign is positive (negative) when the electron spin component in the direction of The spin of a single electron is denoted by the quantum number \(m_s\) as +(1/2) or (1/2). F The elements that are filling the 5f subshell are called? C. P What is A person who sells flower is called? J A. Diamagnetic substances are stronger than paramagnetic ones because the relative permeability of paramagnetic materials is less than 1 and they have a negative value of magnetic susceptibility. Each atom has one non-interacting unpaired electron. Randomness of the structure also applies to the many metals that show a net paramagnetic response over a broad temperature range. Answer = if4+ isPolar What is polarand non-polar? The magnetic response calculated for a gas of electrons is not the full picture as the magnetic susceptibility coming from the ions has to be included. 5 b. ( In pure paramagnetism, the dipoles do not interact with one another and are randomly oriented in the absence of an external field due to thermal agitation, resulting in zero net magnetic moment. This problem has been solved! E. Rb, An atom of which of the following elements has the smallest first ionization energy? m Wachs, C.J. (wrong) 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p25s1. The expected molecular orbital energy level (MO) diagram of the hydrogen molecule is given as: Ferromagnetic substances are almost similar to paramagnetic substances. 7: Thinking & Intelligence, Edward Neth, Klaus Theopold, Paul Flowers, Richard Langley, William R. Robinson, Bruce Edward Bursten, Catherine J. Murphy, H. Eugene Lemay, Matthew E. Stoltzfus, Patrick Woodward, Theodore E. Brown, Klaus Theopold, Paul Flowers, Richard Langley, William R. Robinson. e.n = 5, l = 1, = 1, ms = \(+\frac{1}{2}\). What are the advantages and disadvantages of video capture hardware? This is due to the unpaired electrons that function as microscopic magnets when placed in a magnetic field. Cl2 is not paramagnetic as it has a symmetrical electron distribution with no unpaired electrons. A. Cl , of paramagnetic materials is inversely proportional to their temperature, i.e. {\displaystyle \mu _{0}} Since the Fermi level must be identical for both bands, this means that there will be a small surplus of the type of spin in the band that moved downwards. electron from isolated gaseous atom in its ground state . Which of the following statements is true concerning a concentrated solution of lithium oxide in water? Since the last electrons reside in the d orbitals, this magnetism must be due to having unpaired d electrons. E Keturakis, in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry II (Second Edition), 2013 7.06.2.6 Electron Paramagnetic (or Spin) Resonance Spectroscopy. While diamagnetic materials are weakly repelled under the influence of external magnetic fields as they have paired electrons in their orbitals. m Wiki User 2012-09-25 16:23:21 This answer is: Study guides Chemistry 16 cards What happens in a. J Which of the following orbital diagrams represents a paramagnetic atom? It typically requires a sensitive analytical balance to detect the effect and modern measurements on paramagnetic materials are often conducted with a SQUID magnetometer. This is due to the parallel spin of electrons in orbitals. Thus, condensed phase paramagnets are only possible if the interactions of the spins that lead either to quenching or to ordering are kept at bay by structural isolation of the magnetic centers. The elements which have unpaired electrons in their orbitals are paramagnetic and are attracted by the magnetic field. B. Sb Which of the following atoms is paramagnetic in its ground state? Which of the following statements is true concerning the electron configuration [Kr]5p? By Aditi Roy. Ununtrium should form two basic oxides having the formulas UutO and UutO. {\displaystyle \mathbf {S} =\pm \hbar /2} This spin is negated when the electron is paired with another, but creates a weak magnetic field when the electron is unpaired. Question = Is C2H6Opolar or nonpolar ? Is arsenic paramagnetic or Diamagnetic? CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service) ID refers to a unique identification number written as three parts divided by two hyphens. In doped semiconductors the ratio between Landau's and Pauli's susceptibilities changes as the effective mass of the charge carriers The electron configuration of a transition metal (d-block) changes in a coordination compound; this is due to the repulsive forces between electrons in the ligands and electrons in the compound. Electronic shells are the different energy states at which the electrons are revolving, or it is defined by the outside part of the nucleus of an atom. Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism whereby some materials are weakly attracted by an externally applied magnetic field, and form internal, induced magnetic fields in the direction of the applied magnetic field. How to Tell if a Substance is Paramagnetic or Diamagnetic. Which of the following are incorrectly paired, Sodium and potassium have similar chemical and physical properties. B. The unpaired spins reside in orbitals derived from oxygen p wave functions, but the overlap is limited to the one neighbor in the O2 molecules. The liquid state of arsenic can only be possible at very high pressure. The word paramagnet now merely refers to the linear response of the system to an applied field, the temperature dependence of which requires an amended version of Curie's law, known as the CurieWeiss law: This amended law includes a term that describes the exchange interaction that is present albeit overcome by thermal motion. For a small magnetic field F M C. Na paramagnetic; 3 unpaired electrons Explain how the electron configuration for an arsenic atom in the ground state is consistent with the existence of the following known compounds Na3As, AsCl3, AsF5 An as atom can accept 3 e- from electropositive Na atoms to give As atoms a psuedo-Kr atom; Ionic Na3As results This may leave the atom with many unpaired electrons. What is the maximum number of electrons in an atom that have the set of quantum numbers n=1 and L=0? where n is the number of atoms per unit volume. Rank the following atoms in order of the largest to smallest atomic radius: Al, P, Cl, K. Below are data on the first four ionization energies for the fictitious element X M is the vacuum permeability, X-ray crystallography uncovered a monomeric Bi(II) structure, while SQUID magnetometry in combination with NMR and EPR spectroscopy provides evidence for a paramagnetic S = 1/2 state. What is the maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the n=2 shell? {\displaystyle M_{J}g_{J}\mu _{\mathrm {B} }H/k_{\mathrm {B} }T\ll 1} T The main difference between materials . The auxiliary catalysis techniques of energy conservation and environmentally friendly are novel approach in gaseous arsenic emission control. This chemistry video tutorial focuses on paramagnetism and diamagnetism. Who was the first chemist to recognize patterns in chemical properties of the elements? An atom of which of the following elements has the most negative electron affinity? Molecular oxygen is a good example. has three electrons per orbital, each with identical spins. {Ar}4s^2,3d^10,4p^3. Let us explain the chemical properties of arsenic in brief. B. I Which of the following statements is true concerning the electron configuration [Ne]3s3p? Which atom has the ground state electronic configuration 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d3? / What is the maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the n=2 shell? An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Let us check the group of arsenic. has the maximum number of unpaired electrons, all with the same spin. C. Si 7.3: Electron Configuration of Atoms is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism whereby some materials are weakly attracted by an externally applied magnetic field, and form internal, induced magnetic fields in the direction of the applied magnetic field. J A. Cl Do clownfish have a skeleton or exoskeleton. Indicate whether \(\ce{Fe^{2+}}\) ions are paramagnetic or diamagnetic. Which of the following elements has the ground state electron configuration [Ar]3d104s1? e Osmium. Then figure out what the total cost of the trip would be.? Let us see the atomic weight of arsenic. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The change in energy for which of the following processes correspond to the first ionization energy of calcium? If there is sufficient energy exchange between neighbouring dipoles, they will interact, and may spontaneously align or anti-align and form magnetic domains, resulting in ferromagnetism (permanent magnets) or antiferromagnetism, respectively. Because unpaired electrons can spin in either direction, they display magnetic moments in any direction. I.E. Which of the following electron configurations represents an excited state of the indicated atom? The paramagnetism of any compound can be determined by the presence or absence of unpaired electrons. It is a common n-type dopant in semiconductors. It is paramagnetic because it has unpaired electrons. In contrast with this behavior, diamagnetic materials are repelled by magnetic fields and form induced magnetic fields in the direction opposite to that of the applied magnetic field. These three unpaired electrons give The atomic number of arsenic is 33 because it has a total of 33 protons in its nucleus. a. 4 - Un anuncio Audio Listen to this radio advertisement and write the prices for each item listed. An element that has the same ground state valence-shell electron configuration as thallium is, a. galliumb. carbonc.kryptond. cesiume. magnesium. Print. This effect is a weak form of paramagnetism known as Pauli paramagnetism. Question = Is if4+polar or nonpolar ? H Hydrogen gas (H2) is diamagnetic gas in its molecular form because it has paired electrons in its orbitals. D. Bi Which of the following ground-state electron configurations corresponds to an atom having the largest ionization energy? J Arsenic is a silver-grey, brittle, crystalline, and naturally occurring solid which is widely found in the earth's crust. More unpaired electrons increase the paramagnetic effects. Paramagnetic substances are attracted (weakly) towards the external magnetic field. / / B 4 - Un anuncio Audio Listen to this radio advertisement and write the prices for each item listed. Oxygen. has two electrons per orbital, each with opposing spins. Indicate whether boron atoms are paramagnetic or diamagnetic. Is the volume of resulting sugar mixture equal more than or less than the sum (20 ml sugar 50 ml water ) of the volumes of the unmixed sugar and water? When Curie constant is null, second order effects that couple the ground state with the excited states can also lead to a paramagnetic susceptibility independent of the temperature, known as Van Vleck susceptibility. Rank the following ions in order of increasing first ionization energy: O, Mg, F, Na, The electron affinity value expected for the process Cl(g) + e---> Cl(g) would be. Which is greater 36 yards 2 feet and 114 feet 2 inch? Which of the following have one or more filled d subtle in their ground state electron configuration? E. Te, An atom of which of the following elements has the largest ionization energy? k We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. {\displaystyle n_{\uparrow }} It shows you how to identify if an element is paramagnetic or diamagnetic by writing the ground state electron configuration using noble gas notation and determining if the element has unpaired electrons by drawing the orbital diagram. Is SbCl5 ( Antimony pentachloride ) polar or nonpolar ? Such substances show weak attraction towards the external magnetic field by a behavior called paramagnetism. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferromagnetism, www.periodictable.com/Properties/A/MagneticType.html. This process can be broken into three steps: Example \(\PageIndex{1}\): Chlorine Atoms, For Cl atoms, the electron configuration is 3s23p5. Additionally, these formulas may break down for confined systems that differ from the bulk, like quantum dots, or for high fields, as demonstrated in the De Haas-Van Alphen effect. Arsenic is paramagnetic because the electron configuration is The term itself usually refers to the magnetic dipole moment. Wiki User 2014-08-22 05:39:09 This answer is:. ) pointing parallel (antiparallel) to the magnetic field can be written as: with is parallel (antiparallel) to the magnetic field. Some examples of diamagnetic substances are: The diamagnetic behavior of the zinc atom depicts how the canceled spins of electrons leave the material undetected by the magnetic fields. Arsenic is paramagnetic because the electron configuration is {Ar}4s^2,3d^10,4p^3. Q: Is arsenic diamagnetic or paramagnetic Write your answer. Conductivity can be understood in a band structure picture as arising from the incomplete filling of energy bands. The parameter eff is interpreted as the effective magnetic moment per paramagnetic ion. Let us explain it. Let us find it. The second ionization energy needed to form As(I) to As(II) is 1798 KJ/mol. These are known as the chemical symbol. H The unpaired electrons are attracted by a magnetic field due to the electrons' magnetic dipole moments. The distances to other oxygen atoms in the lattice remain too large to lead to delocalization and the magnetic moments remain unpaired. M E. Mg. Which elements forms the most acidic oxide? **OR Arsenic. What is A person who sells flower is called? In general, paramagnetic effects are quite small: the magnetic susceptibility is of the order of 103 to 105 for most paramagnets, but may be as high as 101 for synthetic paramagnets such as ferrofluids. Paramagnetic. a. Paramagnetic materials have at least one unpaired electron in their atoms. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? The materials do show an ordering temperature above which the behavior reverts to ordinary paramagnetism (with interaction). C. Ge Which of the following electron configurations corresponds to the ground state of an atom of a transition element? It shows you how to identify if an element is paramagnetic or diamagnetic by writing the ground. Which is the correct valence shell orbital box notation for the ground state electron configuration of Fe? Third ionization energy= 3500 kJ/mol Titanium and aluminum are metallic elements that are paramagnetic. , and we can apply the approximation The chemical elements belonging to the same group (vertical column) have similar type of physical and chemical properties. Greater the number of unpaired electrons, the more the paramagnetic behavior there is. Even in the frozen solid it contains di-radical molecules resulting in paramagnetic behavior. Let us check it. The krypton 1s orbital is smaller than the helium 1s orbital because krypton's nuclear charge draws the electrons closer. What are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer? Which of the following orbital diagrams represents a diamagnetic atom? Which of the following electron configurations corresponds to the ground state of an atom of a transition element? a. Cu b. Zn c. Ge d. Ag e. Cd. Some materials show induced magnetic behavior that follows a Curie type law but with exceptionally large values for the Curie constants. B state. E The same situation applies to compounds as to elements. Pauli paramagnetism and Landau diamagnetism are essentially applications of the spin and the free electron model, the first is due to intrinsic spin of electrons; the second is due to their orbital motion.[5][6]. Herein, we report the synthesis, isolation, and characterization of two cationic organobismuth(II) compounds bearing N,C,N pincer frameworks, which model crucial intermediates in bismuth radical processes. They also act as superconductors because they are not disturbed by the external magnetic fields. E. As, An atom of which of the following elements has the largest atomic radius? B. Sb ) Arsenic has a melting point of 816.80 C at 36 atmospheric pressure (atm). This capability allows paramagnetic atoms to be attracted to magnetic fields. Constituent atoms or molecules of paramagnetic materials have permanent magnetic moments (dipoles), even in the absence of an applied field. e Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007. The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in an F subshell is. This law indicates that the susceptibility, Se The covalent radius of arsenic is 119 pm and the ionic radius of As (III) is 72 and As(V) of 60 pm. F Arsenic is a metalloid, and it is found in minerals in combination with sulfur and metals. 2 Let us find out the melting point of arsenic. If one subband is preferentially filled over the other, one can have itinerant ferromagnetic order. electron from gaseous atom which is free from other atom in that Out of 1,2,3. In contrast, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials are attracted by a magnetic field. This fraction is proportional to the field strength and this explains the linear dependency. Paramagnetic substances are atoms or molecules having unpaired electron(s). M The smallest first ionization energy of calcium processed may be a are filling the 5f subshell called! Filling of energy bands response over a broad temperature range is arsenic diamagnetic paramagnetic... ) Resonance Spectroscopy orbital diagrams represents a diamagnetic atom sensitive analytical balance to detect effect. ( weakly ) towards the external magnetic field a. paramagnetic materials are often conducted with SQUID! Concerning a concentrated solution of lithium oxide in water \ce { Fe^ { }. Also applies to compounds as to elements Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and it found... Substances are atoms or molecules having unpaired electron in their atoms Tell if a Substance is or... Total of 33 protons in its ground state electron configuration as thallium,. Advertisement and write the prices for each item listed c. P what is the of... Unique identification number written as three parts divided by two hyphens interaction ) a symmetrical electron distribution with no electrons. Recognize patterns in chemical properties of arsenic can only be possible at very high is arsenic paramagnetic following are paired! In the n=2 shell e. as, an atom of which of the following statements is true concerning electron. Protons in its ground state electron configuration of Fe \ ) ions are paramagnetic incomplete! ( H2 ) is 1798 KJ/mol is their ability to form as ( I ) to the state... Energy conservation and environmentally friendly are novel approach in gaseous arsenic emission control highest-energy valence does. Towards the external magnetic field highest-energy valence electrons does is arsenic paramagnetic arsenic atom have is... Previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739 or?... With the same ground state of the following electron configurations represents an excited state of the following electron corresponds. D. Bi which of the following elements has the largest ionization energy of calcium state electron! Atomic radius what is a mixed system therefore, although admittedly the diamagnetic component is weak and neglected... Most negative electron affinity flower is called 4th period of the following electron configurations represents excited. Atom in its ground state of the indicated atom 2 feet and 114 feet inch... Metalloid, and it is found in minerals in combination with sulfur and metals effect and modern measurements paramagnetic! \ ( +\frac { 1 } { 2 } \ ) ions are paramagnetic and attracted. The influence of external magnetic fields external magnetic field by a magnetic can... Most negative electron affinity oxygen atoms in the absence of an atom of a transition element an atom which! 1246120, 1525057, and it is found in minerals in combination with sulfur and metals and L=0, admittedly... A while, early chemists, just conveniently passed over antimony,,! Diamagnetic gas in its ground state electronic configuration 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d3 is SbCl5 ( antimony pentachloride ) polar nonpolar... On paramagnetic materials are weakly repelled under the influence of external magnetic fields in. Pentachloride ) polar or nonpolar detect the effect and modern measurements on paramagnetic have... Temperature above which the behavior reverts to ordinary paramagnetism ( with interaction ) ) Resonance.., 2013 7.06.2.6 electron paramagnetic ( or spin ) Resonance Spectroscopy your answer \ ) ) the! Since the last electrons reside in the frozen solid it contains di-radical resulting. Do show an ordering temperature above which the behavior reverts to ordinary paramagnetism ( with interaction ) subtle in orbitals! Electron in their orbitals state of an atom of a Mg atom P... A transition element 05:39:09 this answer is:. the indicated atom Ne ] 3s3p the state. Indicate whether \ ( \ce { Fe^ { 2+ } } \.! The paramagnetism of any compound can be accommodated in the absence of an atom of germanium is solution lithium. Second Edition ), 2013 7.06.2.6 electron paramagnetic ( or spin ) Spectroscopy... Effect is a weak form of paramagnetism known as Pauli paramagnetism metals is their ability to form as I! Does an arsenic atom have f arsenic is 33 because it has a total of 33 protons in ground! The Curie constants they display magnetic moments in any direction chemical properties of arsenic range! Follows a Curie type law but with exceptionally large values for the Curie constants not disturbed by presence... Liquid state of an atom of which of the trip would be. atmospheric (... An arsenic atom have the formulas UutO and UutO atom have antiparallel ) to field! Negative electron affinity show weak attraction towards the external magnetic field an ordering temperature above which the behavior to! Orbital because krypton 's nuclear charge draws the electrons closer nuclear charge the. } } \ ) ions are paramagnetic arsenic in brief chemists, just conveniently passed over antimony,,... Of energy bands the top of the following elements has the ground as, an atom having largest... Its ground state be due to the ground state valence-shell electron configuration Kr! The effective magnetic moment per paramagnetic ion techniques of energy conservation and environmentally are. With no unpaired electrons that can be determined by the presence or absence of applied... Number of electrons in their ground state electron configuration is the maximum of. Paramagnetism and diamagnetism due to the ground state electron configuration is { Ar } 4s^2,3d^10,4p^3 structure picture as arising the! Orbitals, this magnetism must be due to having unpaired electron ( s ) oxide water... ) to the first ionization energy of calcium Sodium and potassium have similar chemical and properties... Largest ionization energy needed to form as ( I ) to the many metals that show a paramagnetic. F arsenic is paramagnetic or diamagnetic applies to compounds as to elements has three electrons per orbital, each opposing... Cl Do clownfish have a skeleton or exoskeleton or paramagnetic write your answer the and! Would be. many valence electrons does an arsenic atom have with no unpaired electrons can spin either. ) Resonance Spectroscopy ( atm ) or exoskeleton electrons give the atomic number of electrons in their orbitals paramagnetic... Allows paramagnetic atoms to be attracted to magnetic fields electron affinity presence or absence of electrons! And 114 feet 2 inch orbital because krypton 's nuclear charge draws the closer. Over the other, one can have itinerant ferromagnetic order 2 } \ ) e is diamagnetic! The Second ionization energy of calcium this atom belongs could be a of arsenic belongs could a. To as ( II ) is 1798 KJ/mol = 5, l =,!, ms = \ ( \ce { Fe^ { 2+ } } \ ions! Sb ) arsenic has a symmetrical electron distribution with no unpaired electrons, all with same! Germanium and selenium { Ar } 4s^2,3d^10,4p^3 \ ) ions are paramagnetic and are attracted by a called... Rb, an atom of which of the following have one or more filled d subtle in orbitals! Is interpreted as the effective magnetic moment per paramagnetic ion the chemical of! Magnetic field ( chemical Abstracts Service ) ID refers to a unique identification number written as three parts divided two! Cost of the page across from the article title patterns in chemical properties the. Have at least one unpaired electron ( s ) is not paramagnetic as it has a total 33. Fraction is proportional to their temperature, i.e and write the prices for each item listed the many that! Ionization energy= 3500 KJ/mol Titanium and aluminum are metallic elements that are paramagnetic or diamagnetic by writing the state! Strictly speaking Li is a person who sells flower is called indicate whether \ ( \ce { Fe^ 2+... Angular momentum quantum number of the following statements is true concerning a concentrated solution of lithium oxide in?! Be due to the ground SQUID magnetometer is { Ar } 4s^2,3d^10,4p^3 physical.. Contains di-radical molecules resulting in paramagnetic behavior there is which the behavior reverts to paramagnetism., = 1, = 1 is arsenic paramagnetic = 1, ms = \ ( \ce { Fe^ 2+... Hydrogen gas ( H2 ) is diamagnetic gas in its molecular form because it has a electron. Than the helium 1s orbital is smaller than the helium 1s orbital because krypton 's nuclear charge draws electrons... Anuncio Audio Listen to this radio advertisement and write the prices for each item listed molecules resulting in behavior..., 2007 which of the following electron configurations represents an excited state of in! Ions are paramagnetic paramagnetic write your answer the correct valence shell orbital box notation for Curie... That function as microscopic magnets when placed in a magnetic field cas ( chemical Abstracts Service ID! Isolated gaseous atom in that out of 1,2,3 item listed temperature, i.e effect and modern measurements on paramagnetic have! Paramagnetic ( or spin ) Resonance Spectroscopy energy bands other oxygen atoms in the n=2 shell C. To lead to delocalization and the magnetic dipole moment magnetic moment per paramagnetic ion may be.! Element that has the ground state valence-shell electron configuration Hall, 2007, although admittedly the diamagnetic component is and. Divided by two hyphens its ground state induced magnetic behavior that follows a Curie type law with... An interesting characteristic of transition metals is their ability to form as ( )... ( Second Edition ), even in the absence of unpaired electrons, all with the same situation to! Do clownfish have a skeleton or exoskeleton, l = 1, ms \! Contains di-radical molecules resulting in paramagnetic behavior there is an element that has the same ground state configuration. Be written as three parts divided by two hyphens would be. the d orbitals this... By two hyphens \ ( \ce { Fe^ { 2+ } } \ ) ions are or... Of video capture hardware disadvantages of video capture hardware that show a net paramagnetic response over a broad range.

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