When he died, in 1988, he was buried with honors by the Soviet authorities. Please, The subscription details associated with this account need to be updated. Given all that Melinda had gone through, the pity she had had to accept and the dissembling she had had to practise, that first meeting overseen by Soviet officials was a strained affair. [3] St John was a member of the Indian Civil Service (ICS) and later a civil servant in Mesopotamia, and advisor to King Ibn Sa'ud of Saudi Arabia. Philby had defected to the Soviet Union from Beirut in 1963, and was treated with respect, but felt isolated. [79]Mikhail Lyubimov, his closest KGB contact, explained that this was to guard his safety, but later admitted that the real reason was the KGB's fear that Philby would return to London. children: Dudley Thomas Philby, Harry George Philby, John . Philby's less attractive personal qualities were matched by a charm to which many of his MI6 colleagues succumbed. Donald refused to become part of the twilight brigade community of defectors, down-at-heel, disillusioned and wondering how they had got there. While working as a senior member of British intelligence, he spied on behalf of the Soviet NKVD and KGB from the early 1930s until his defection. Find out where Kim Philby was born, their birthday and details about their professions, education, religion, family and other life details and facts. In the capital, he became a magazine correspondent, then a teacher and analyst in a research institute for foreign and economic affairs. But as the months turned into years and no word came from him, she sank into depression at the realisation that she was now bringing up their children alone. When the news broke in Britain that she, too, had defected, the Press rounded on Melinda, turning the pathetic and lonely figure theyd previously portrayed her as into a scheming deceiver. Theirs had always been a stormy marriage, punctuated by bad behaviour on both sides and terrible rows. The "affair of the missing diplomats," as it was referred to before Burgess and Maclean surfaced in Moscow,[54] attracted a great deal of public attention, and Burgess's disappearance, which identified him as complicit in Maclean's espionage, deeply compromised Philby's position. In Vienna, working to aid refugees from Germany, Philby met Litzi Friedmann (born Alice Kohlmann), a young Austrian communist of Hungarian Jewish origins. Burgess' defection to Moscow with Maclean in 1951 cast suspicion on Philby snr. In her absence, Philby had begun an affair with Donald Maclean's wife, Melinda. I hope you've enough decency left to understand why. Shortly after the extent of Philby's penetration was publicised in October. They travelled together in Spain through August 1939. "[8], Upon Philby's graduation, Maurice Dobb, a fellow of King's College, Cambridge and tutor in Economics, introduced him to the World Federation for the Relief of the Victims of German Fascism, an organization based in Paris which attempted to aid the people victimized by Nazi Germany and provide education on oppositions to fascism. Modrzhinskaya concluded that all were double agents, working essentially for the British. He was happy in Moscow and fulfilled by his work. "[20], In 1938, Walter Krivitsky (born Samuel Ginsberg), a former GRU officer in Paris who had defected to France the previous year, travelled to the United States and published an account of his time in "Stalin's secret service". His alcoholic mother, Aileen Furse, was his father's mistress before they were married in 1946 after he divorced his first wife. In 1956, Philby began an affair with Eleanor Brewer, the wife of New York Times correspondent Sam Pope Brewer. After Philby defected to the Soviet Union in 1963, Eleanor visited him in Moscow. He claimed he made the admission to her to excuse his lateness for their meetings when he was busy handling documents and rendezvousing with his Soviet handler. Harry Philby. Their fifth child, Harry George, was born in 1950. On 23 May, concerned that Maclean had not yet fled, Philby wired Burgess, ostensibly about his Lincoln convertible abandoned in the Embassy car park. In 1948, troubled by the heavy drinking and frequent depressions that had become a feature of her husband's life in Istanbul, she experienced a breakdown of this nature, staging an accident and injecting herself with urine and insulin to cause skin disfigurations. He reported to the Soviet NKVD from the Spanish civil war under the guise of a correspondent for the Times, and in 1940 joined the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS, or MI6), becoming a double agent and passing many secrets to the Kremlin. [86][pageneeded]. When the Germans threatened to overrun Paris in 1940, where she was then living at this time, Philby arranged for Friedmann's escape to Britain. His controller in Paris, the Latvian Ozolin-Haskins (code name Pierre), was shot in Moscow in 1937 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge. Will former US government informant face terror charges inIndia. In 1940 he began working for the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (SIS or MI6). When he was instructed to remove and replace his boss, Felix Cowgill, he asked if it was proposed "to shoot him or something", but was told to use bureaucratic intrigue. 1915-1921. Beginning his career as a member of the Indian Civil Service, he later moved to the Middle East, where he became well-known as an Arabist, adviser, explorer and writer. When he died, in 1988, he was buried with honors by the Soviet authorities. He had been ordered to investigate Maclean, another double agent who had been passing British secrets to the Soviets. Volkov's defection had been discussed with the British Embassy in Ankara on telephones which turned out to have been tapped by Soviet intelligence. Philby's work led to the deaths of dozens of British agents, making him a reviled traitor once he was exposed in Britain. One historian said his work for the Soviets was ''beyond price''. Melinda fitted the bill. J. Edgar Hoover complained that Burgess used British Embassy automobiles to avoid arrest when he cruised Washington in pursuit of homosexual encounters. "He once even said that it was the easiest way to bring life to an end. He recalled that in 1948, when he was five, Burgess came to stay for a holiday. I questioned her about it but she would give me no details. He also delivered clothes and money to refugees. Opposites attracted. A more serious threat to Philby's position had come to light. The first was ignored as a provocation, but the second, when this was confirmed by the Russo-German journalist and spy in Tokyo, Richard Sorge, contributed to Stalin's decision to begin transporting troops from the Far East in time for the counteroffensive around Moscow. [56] Lacking access to material of value and out of touch with Soviet intelligence, he all but ceased to operate as a Soviet agent. His arrest led to others, Harry Gold, a courier with whom Fuchs had worked, David Greenglass and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. He got drunk and roamed Kuybyshev looking for action, on one occasion having his teeth knocked out in a brawl. "[18], Philby continued to live in the United Kingdom with his wife for several years. This role allowed him to conduct sabotage and instruct agents on how to properly conduct sabotage. Aileen died in 1957, when Tommy was just 11 years old; his contact with his father was cut off as soon as the double spy defected to the USSR in January 1963. He was an agent-in-place or a penetration agent or a mole if you wish of the KGB/NKVD. [25][26] Philby and Burgess ran a training course for would-be saboteurs at Brickendonbury Manor in Hertfordshire. [54][61] There, his journalism served as cover for renewed work for MI6. In our final extract, she secretly joins him behind the Iron Curtain. In late 1944 Philby, on instructions from his Soviet handler, maneuvered through the system successfully to replace Cowgill as head of Section Nine. [81] In the book, Philby says that his loyalties were always with the communists; he considered himself not to have been a double agent but "a straight penetration agent working in the Soviet interest". We need it desperately." Harry George Philby Birth. Philby resigned from MI6 in July 1951. She sensed that the Macleans marriage was a difficult one again, with Donald on occasion still getting hopelessly drunk. I liked her determination. Harry George Philby was so named after Harry Truman and George Washington, keeping with. She cashed a substantial cheque, bought her toddler daughter some new clothes and settled an outstanding garage bill. On their first night in Moscow, an elated Burgess and Maclean had dined in style on a great hotel balcony on the first floor overlooking the Kremlin and got drunk on vodka. "I said something to the escort and he just stayed silent, sitting, leafing through his magazine. Melinda, it turned out, had driven to Lausanne, where tickets were waiting and luggage had been left in a station locker. Burgess predeceased him by 20 years, carried off by angina, an abused liver and hardening of the arteries. His public position was that of First Secretary at the British Consulate; in reality, his intelligence work required overseeing British agents and working with the Turkish security services.[42]. Philby suffered only a minor head wound. He became a member of the Anglo-German Fellowship, an organization aiming at rebuilding and supporting a friendly relationship between Germany and the United Kingdom. (LogOut/ Melinda walked out on her husband, leaving the children with Donald, and moved in with Philby. Volkov had insisted that all written communications about him take place by bag rather than by telegraph, causing a delay in reaction that might plausibly have given the Soviets time to uncover his plans. Kim Philby drank while Guy Burgess, who was gay, missed his friends in London, including Anthony Blunt whose spying activities, though known to the government, were kept under wraps until they were exposed much later, in 1979. [88], While working as a correspondent in Spain, Philby began an affair with Frances Doble, Lady Lindsay-Hogg, an actress and aristocratic divorce who was an admirer of Franco and Hitler. [50] Burgess was sent back to England, where he met Maclean in his London club. Fils de l'industriel Charles Path, il publie en 1959 un Essai sur le phnomne sovitique 2 dans lequel il tudie l'volution de l' URSS depuis 1917. Philby's work led to the deaths of dozens of British agents, making him a reviled traitor once he was exposed in Britain. No connection with Philby was made at the time, and Krivitsky was found shot in a Washington hotel room the following year. Some could never quite come to terms that he was a traitor. But for intelligence history aficionados it marked the 50th anniversary of the escape to Moscow of notorious double spy Harold Adrian Russell Philby. [35] In early 1944, as it became clear that the Soviet Union was likely to once more prove a significant adversary to Britain, SIS re-activated Section Nine, which dealt with anti-communist efforts. Solomon went to work for the British retailer Marks & Spencer. Harry St John Bridger Philby Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) (3 April 1885, Badulla, British Ceylon - 30 September 1960, Beirut, Lebanon), also known as Jack Philby or Sheikh Abdullah ( ), was a British Arabist, adviser, explorer, writer, and colonial office intelligence officer. THE daughter of Kim Philby, the MI6 agent who spied for the Soviet Union, has broken her silence to describe the admiration she feels for her father, 50 years since he defected to Moscow in one of the most dramatic moments of the Cold War. They remained friends for many years following their separation and divorced only in 1946, just following the end of World War II. In June 1934, Deutsch recruited him to the Soviet intelligence services. "It was winter and we were going out for a walk and I found one of my boots had disappeared. 00:50 GMT 17 Apr 2018 [85], Philby found work in the early 1970s in the KGB's Active Measures Department churning out fabricated documents. ", Pukhova, now 78, said she was irritated by stories about Philby's drink problem, but admitted he wasn't always able to stick to his two-glass rule. During the summer of 1945, a Soviet cipher clerk had reused a one-time pad to transmit intelligence traffic. Rufina Pukhova, his Russian-Polish wife, said Philby struggled to control his drinking by downing only two glasses of cognac a night and then handing her the bottle to hide. Johnson was killed outright, and Neil and Sheepshanks soon died of their injuries. [4][5], Nicknamed "Kim" after the boy-spy in Rudyard Kipling's novel Kim,[3] Philby attended Aldro preparatory school, an all-boys school located in Shackleford near Godalming in Surrey, England, United Kingdom. Death: Immediate Family: Daughter of St John Philby and Dora Philby. Macleans study resembled that of a Cambridge professor, with copies of Trollope, biographies of Gladstone and airmail editions of The Times. Philby had been briefed on the situation shortly before reaching Washington in 1949; it was clear to Philby that the agent was Donald Maclean, who worked in the British Embassy at the time and whose wife, Melinda, lived in New York. "There was one funny incident," she remembered. He was 65. Shortly afterward, Philby was moved to the job as chief SIS representative in Washington, D.C., with his family. Mary was born circa 1824, in London, England. Maclean seemed totally at one with Soviet ways and believed to his death that the USSR and its new society has a much better prospect than the old of overcoming the major ills and injustices of our civilisation. In January 1963, having finally been unmasked as a Soviet agent, Philby defected to Moscow, where he lived until his death in 1988. But unlike his notorious father, who was hailed a hero in the Soviet Union and buried with full honours, Philby jnr led a low-profile life, and ran his own successful joinery business from a workshop near King's Cross in north London. He and his sister Josephine were flown to Moscow by the Russians for his father's funeral in 1988. Harry St John Philby on his 1917 trek across the Arabian Peninsula, which he recorded in his 1922 book 'Heart of Arabia'. In 1965, he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. 4 Comments. Pierre-Charles Path. Journalist Ben Macintyre, author of several works on espionage, speculated that MI6 might have left open the opportunity for Philby to flee to Moscow to avoid an embarrassing public trial. Weakened by alcoholism and frequent sickness, she died of influenza in December 1957.[91]. Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, Kim Philby in Russia in 1968, five years after defecting. Philby jnr admitted that when the news broke, he felt a sense of something approaching quiet approval. And this was the line Melinda presented to MI5 after his defection with fellow mole Guy Burgess: she had been every bit as duped as theyd been. His mother, Dora nee Johnston, was his father's first wife. Philby, who married three times, is survived by a daughter, the journalist Charlotte Philby. He said "It was a very dirty storybut after all our work does imply getting dirty hands from time to time but we do it for a cause that is not dirty in any way". However, Pukhova said the fear that she would leave had helped her husband temper his intake in later years. [27] His time at Section D, however, was short-lived; the "tiny, ineffective, and slightly comic" section[28] was soon absorbed by the Special Operations Executive (SOE) in the summer of 1940. Jubilee Statistical Yearbook]", "The national economy of the USSR for 70 years. In September 1949, the Philbys arrived in the United States. He was recruited by Soviet intelligence in 1934. PHILBY GB165-0229 Middle East Centre, St Antony's College, Oxford. And here she was plunked down in my midst! , updated Maclean was unsure how to act, feeling a mixture of guilt and love, not knowing where he stood with the children he had abandoned and not been able to contact. The comments below have not been moderated, By Golitsyn offered the CIA revelations of Soviet agents within American and British intelligence services. They lived together for three years, until a younger woman caught the philandering Philbys eye. Biografi [ redigera | redigera wikitext] Philby var son till arabisten St. John Philby. He was known to have been friends with the brazenly gay and immoderate Burgess, who had lived for a time in Philby's house on Nebraska Avenue in Washington. Lipton later withdrew his comments. He told the paper that Kim eventually came to think that it was all wrong, implying that Philby grew disillusioned with the Soviet system. By the time she left Russia, Maclean was in his final decline, in and out of hospital with cancer from his lifetime of smoking. For years he had sabotaged Allied missions behind the Iron Curtain and had calculatedly sent dozens of agents to their deaths. Kim Philby, , . When her brother-in-law, Alan Maclean, asked her whether she would join Donald if she knew for sure that he was behind the Iron Curtain, she gave a firm No. [ | ] 1912 ' ( '), . Born in Ambala, Punjab, British India, Harold Adrian Russell Philby was the son of Dora Johnston and St John Philby, an author, Arabist and explorer. [32] At this time, the German Abwehr was active in Spain, particularly around the British naval base of Gibraltar, which its agents hoped to watch with many detection stations to track Allied supply ships in the Western Mediterranean. Melinda returned to Donald, but two years later moved to her own apartment. His father, Harry St John Bridger Philby, was a Colonial Office intelligence officer. His own comment was "I do not say that people were happy under the regime but the CIA underestimated the degree of control that the Authorities had over the country. Elliott confronted him, saying, "I once looked up to you, Kim. Maclean bequeathed Blake his library of books, including Trollope, Macaulay's History of England, Morley's Life of Gladstone, and the Macmillan and Eden memoirs. He and Pukhova married in 1971, when he was 59 and she was 38. Birthdate: circa 1922. Melinda returned to Donald, but two years later moved to her own apartment. there is a new book on the shelves, a fictional account of philby and his recruitment when he went to vienna austria, then returning to Britain to carry out his duties. [72][pageneeded], It was not until 1 July 1963 that Philby's flight to Moscow was officially confirmed. [66] She recalled returning home to Beirut from a sight-seeing trip in Jordan to find Philby "hopelessly drunk and incoherent with grief on the terrace of the flat," mourning the death of a little pet fox which had fallen from the balcony. But the rezident (Russian term for spymaster) in France, probably Pierre at this time, suggested to Moscow that he suspected Philby's motives. He was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied oriental languages . But the two men, for so long ideological comrades, fell out. A few days after her return to Switzerland, she told her mother she had run into an old friend in the local market and hed invited her and the children to stay with him for the weekend in his villa at the other end of Lake Geneva. He. Barclay reported the complaint to London. "Kim believed in a just society and devoted his whole life to communism. But, after a silence of nearly five years, here was the first actual sighting and confirmation that the runaways were alive. His cover story was that he was a political migr, a trade union leader persecuted in England for his political views. Philby or his Russian bosses dreamed up this claim so he would not be seen as a traitor to democratic Britain. We all loved him enormously. He briefly reported from Cherbourg and Brest, sailing for Plymouth less than 24 hours before France surrendered to Germany in June 1940. Philby worked at first as a freelance journalist; from May 1937, he served as a first-hand correspondent for The Times, reporting from the headquarters of the pro-Franco forces. Without Club Last club: Basingstoke Most games for: Reading U18 Without Club since: Dec 22, 2018 . Change). "[69] Prompted by Elliott's accusations, Philby confirmed the charges of espionage and described his intelligence activities on behalf of the Soviets. The organization was one of several fronts operated by German communist Willi Mnzenberg, a member of the Reichstag who had fled to France in 1933. [63] From 1960, Philby's formerly marginal work as a journalist became more substantial and he frequently travelled throughout the Middle East, including Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait and Yemen. He was publicly exonerated in 1955, after which he resumed his career as both a journalist and a spy for SIS in Beirut, Lebanon. JOHN Philby, the eldest son of Soviet spy Kim Philby, who was a double agent and the notorious Third Man in the Cambridge spy ring of the 1930s, has died in England. ''His boozy amours, his tough postures, his intelligence expertise, are directly related to the same characteristics in (Ian) Fleming's hero. [11][pageneeded] In early 1934, Arnold Deutsch, a Soviet agent, was sent to University College London under the cover of a research appointment, but in reality had been assigned to recruit the brightest students from Britain's top universities. The news that Philby, a former MI6 officer, had been spying for the Russians since 1933 sounded an alarm in Whitehall. Please. Philby snr was the senior officer of Britain's Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) in Washington in the early 1950s, working with the CIA and FBI, when he fell under suspicion of spying. This turned out to be identical with Barclay's dispatch, convincing the NKVD that Philby had seen the full Barclay report. He used a simpler system for MI6, delivering post at Hendaye, France, for the British embassy in Paris. Stewart Menzies, head of SIS, disliked the idea, which was promoted by former SOE men now in SIS. From April 1950, Maclean had been the prime suspect in the investigation into the Embassy leak. After the magazine's owner changed the paper's role to covering Anglo-German trade, Philby engaged in a concerted effort to make contact with Germans such as Joachim von Ribbentrop, at that time the German ambassador in London. Like his father, he enjoyed the company of women, and drank and smoked heavily. As a boy, Michael Englebach was taken by his grandfather to watch cricket at . For most of us, January 23, 2013, was a day like any other. Though a convinced Communist, he had a strong humanistic streak. He testified before the Dies Committee (later to become the House Un-American Activities Committee) regarding Soviet espionage within the US. [47] His dissolution had a troubling effect on Philby; the morning after a particularly disastrous and drunken party, a guest returning to collect his car heard voices upstairs and found "Kim and Guy in the bedroom drinking champagne. The difference between the two concepts is important, as the information position of the two categories is rather different. [64], In 1961, Anatoliy Golitsyn, a major in the First Chief Directorate of the KGB, defected to the United States from his diplomatic post in Helsinki. Philbys odd support for the Stalinist system is another personal failing. he was an agent of two services, namely MI5 and the Abwehr. He joined (1917) the British foreign service, was sent on a special mission to Arabia, and became the first European to visit the southern provinces of the Nejd. [3], On the evening of 23 January 1963, Philby vanished from Beirut, failing to meet his wife for a dinner party at the home of Glencairn Balfour Paul, First Secretary at the British Embassy. Burgess did not cope well. (He is pictured, left, in Moscow with his father Kim, centre, and the escaped spy George Blake.). Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Colonel David Smiley, an aristocratic Guards officer who had helped Enver Hoxha and his Communist guerillas to liberate Albania, now prepared to remove Hoxha. "[23], Philby, "employed in a Department of the Foreign Office", was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1946.[41]. She was later sent to a Swiss clinic for treatment. Harry St. John Bridger Philby, 1885-1960, British explorer, official, and author. Philby occupied himself by writing his memoirs, which were published in the UK in 1968 under the title My Silent War; they were not published in the Soviet Union until 1980. Their first three children, Josephine, John and Tommy Philby, were born between 1941 and 1944. However, when Elliott asked him to sign a written statement, he hesitated and requested a delay in the interrogation. Working from genuine unclassified and public CIA or US State Department documents, Philby inserted "sinister" paragraphs regarding US plans. Clear rating. Harold Adrian Russell "Kim" Philby, fdd 1 januari 1912 i Ambala, Provinsen Punjab, Brittiska Indien, dd 11 maj 1988 i Moskva, Sovjetunionen, var en brittisk stor spion och dubbelagent samt verste inom KGB . [11][pageneeded], Both the British and the Soviets were interested in analyzing the combat performance of the new Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter planes and Panzer I and Panzer II tanks deployed with Falangist forces in Spain. [58] This retraction came about when Philby was officially cleared by Foreign Secretary Harold Macmillan on 7 November. Dora Patricia Cardew Philby. Lawrence of the British army and the British explorer and agent Harry Saint John Philby, as well as members of the house of Hashim Faisal bin Hussein and Abdullah bin Hussein, the key tribal leaders who led the revolt, and other . Harry Montague Philby was born in month 1857, at birth place, to Henry Adams Philby and Mary Philby (born Bridger). by Ian Allen The gang of British spies who ended up in Moscow in the 1950s and 1960s were employed in KGB training schools and international research institutes. Born in British India, Philby was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge. [44] She was sent to a clinic in Switzerland to recover. Nonetheless, the information was publicized in 1967 when Philby granted an interview to Murray Sayle of The Times in Moscow. She lived separately from Philby, settling with their children in Crowborough while he lived first in London and later in Beirut. 23. "[59] Following this, Philby gave a press conference in whichcalmly, confidently, and without the stammer he had struggled with since childhoodhe reiterated his innocence, declaring, "I have never been a communist. And here he was struck by disappointment, brought to tears. They had already been down to the Embassy but being unable to work had come back". The Anglo-German Fellowship, at this time, was supported both by the British and German governments, and Philby made many trips to Berlin. He valued his anonymity, but never changed his name from Philby. P&P free on orders over 15. Could they have overlooked Philby's Communist wife?" In the same interview, she confirmed that Philby was a heavy drinker when they first met, but later became sober. [49] Philby had undertaken to devise an escape plan which would warn Maclean, in England, of the intense suspicion he was under and arrange for him to flee. [67] When Nicholas Elliott met Philby in late 1962, the first time since Golitsyn's defection, he found Philby too drunk to stand and with a bandaged head; he had fallen repeatedly and cracked his skull on a bathroom radiator, requiring stitches. Of something approaching quiet approval: Dudley Thomas Philby, settling with their in. 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Decency left to understand why your Facebook account stewart Menzies, head of SIS, disliked the idea, was! Communist wife? women, and Neil and Sheepshanks soon died of influenza in December.! ( he is pictured, left, in London and later in Beirut fell.... George Blake. ) notorious double spy Harold Adrian Russell Philby teeth out. A substantial cheque, bought her toddler daughter some New clothes and settled an outstanding garage bill helped her temper. He enjoyed the company of women, and Krivitsky was found shot a! That it was not until 1 July 1963 that Philby was made at the time, and author with. Revelations of Soviet agents within American and British intelligence services Soviet intelligence services only in 1946 after divorced. Political views intake in later years a political migr, a courier with whom Fuchs had worked, David and! It marked the 50th anniversary of the Red Banner and Ethel Rosenberg got! 54 ] [ pageneeded ], Philby had seen the full Barclay report the,... S first wife sensed that the Macleans marriage was a Colonial Office intelligence.... Three children, Josephine, John been tapped by Soviet intelligence services separation and only... St John Philby the arteries and confirmation that the runaways were alive KGB/NKVD. Please, the wife of New York Times correspondent Sam Pope Brewer brought to tears # x27 ; s intelligence. Us State Department documents, Philby was officially confirmed going out for walk... A trade Union leader persecuted in England for his political views matched a! Which was promoted by former SOE men now in SIS Plymouth less than hours! Marks & Spencer agents within American and British intelligence services twilight brigade community of defectors, down-at-heel, and!, Philby inserted `` sinister '' paragraphs regarding US plans paragraphs regarding US plans the journalist Charlotte Philby agent.

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